ABSTRACT
Experiments usually reproduce idealized conditions and have often used ring shear tests, flume tests or three-dimensional granular flow tests, i.e. the flows are partially constrained or unconstrained. Ring shear tests are typically used in this field to evaluate the behaviour of granular flow under high shear strain and at high velocity (e.g. Hungr & Morgenstern 1984a). Bagnold (1954) and Sassa (1988) also carried out such tests to measure the stresses developed in a sheared granular mass.
