ABSTRACT
Tunnels and pipelines in earthquake areas are subjected to both static and seismic loading during earthquake. Numerous researches related to seismic responses of underground structures could be found in literatures. Studies include analytical and numerical analyses (Wang 1993; Bardet & Davis 1997; Penzien & Wu 1998, Penzien 2000; Hashash et al. 2001; Liu & Song 2005; Huo et al. 2006).
