Application of a2-D flow model to the analysis of forest stability in the Vistula valley

Resistance to toppling depends on the plant root system, which in turn is a characteristic of the species and soil type. The critical toppling moment, Mc, is described in the literature by the following empirical formula (MOC 1994):

where a and α are constants determined experimentally. Values of these constants for various tree species can be found in the literature (MOC 1994). D denotes breast height diameter [m].