ABSTRACT
CO2 Capture ....................................................................................... 745 14.6.4 Emerging Technologies ..................................................................................... 747
14.7 Economics of CO2 Capture and Storage ....................................................................... 750 14.8 Role of CCS in Portfolio of CO2 Mitigation Options ................................................... 755 14.9 Risk Factors Associated with CCS ................................................................................. 757
14.9.1 CO2 Emissions and Leakage Sources during CCS ........................................ 757 14.9.1.1 Emissions from CO2 Capture ........................................................... 757 14.9.1.2 Emissions from CO2 Transportation ............................................... 758 14.9.1.3 Emissions from CO2 Storage ............................................................ 758 14.9.1.4 CO2 Emissions from Mineral Carbonation and CO2
Industrial Uses ................................................................................... 760 14.9.2 Health and Safety Issues Associated with CO2 Exposure ........................... 760
14.10 Assessment of the Potential Environmental Impact of CCS ..................................... 761 14.10.1 Environmental Risks of Geological CO2 Storage ........................................... 761
14.10.1.1 Hazards to Groundwater ................................................................. 761 14.10.1.2 Hazards to Ecosystems ..................................................................... 762 14.10.1.3 Induced Seismic Activity ................................................................. 763
14.10.2 Potential Environmental Impact of Ocean CO2 Storage ............................... 763 14.10.3 Environmental Impact of Mineral Carbonation ............................................ 765 14.10.4 Ecological Impact of Carbon Sequestration in Biosphere ............................ 765
14.10.4.1 Ocean Fertilization ............................................................................ 765 14.10.5 Public Acceptance of Risks ............................................................................... 766 14.10.6 Legal Issues ......................................................................................................... 767 14.10.7 Knowledge Gaps Associated with Geological and Ocean CO2 Storage..... 768
Intensive worldwide efforts are under way to tackle anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and their potentially devastating effect on our planet’s biosphere and climate. There are numerous ways to deal with man-made CO2 emissions and some measures are already underway. For example, several nations have already implemented carbon tax to discourage industries from generating and emitting massive quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere. Widespread energy conservation, an increase in the ef‚ciency of power plants and appliances, and an improvement in fuel economy of vehicles are also important ‚rst steps toward the carbon mitigation objectives. It is realized, however, that these measures, no matter how ef‚cient, are unlikely to deliver the level of CO2 emission reduction that would be necessary to stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration against a backdrop of the ever growing global demand for energy. Thus, more radical approaches to the carbon mitigation problem are being sought, and one approach that many experts are pinning their hopes on is fossil fuel decarbonization, considered as a feasible and potentially cost-effective near-term solution for curbing man-made CO2 emissions.
