ABSTRACT
Stem cells are present throughout the lifespan. Naturally derived stem cells include embryonic stem cells, perinatal stem cells, and adult stem cells [1-8]. These endogenous pools of stem cells provide the foundation for cardiovascular development in utero and tissue renewal throughout adulthood [9-11]. Beyond natural sources of stem cells that are limited by availability, immune intolerance, and lineage speci‹cation, bioengineered stem cell platforms are rapidly being developed for regenerative medicine applications. This chapter provides an overview of the current state of the art for induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and highlights the emerging techniques available to image
CONTENTS
6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 101 6.2 Bioengineered Stem Cells ......................................................................... 102
6.2.1 Principles of Nuclear Reprogramming ...................................... 103 6.2.1.1 First-Generation Technology ......................................... 104 6.2.1.2 Second-Generation Technology .................................... 104 6.2.1.3 Models of Nuclear Reprogramming ............................ 105
6.2.2 Imaging iPS Cells from Discovery to Application .................... 106 6.2.2.1 Imaging iPS Cellular Structure ..................................... 106 6.2.2.2 Imaging iPS Cell Differentiation .................................. 108 6.2.2.3 Imaging iPS Cell Host Engraftment ............................. 110 6.2.2.4 Imaging iPS Cell-Based Therapeutic Repair ............... 112
6.3 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 116 Supplemental Movies ......................................................................................... 117 References ............................................................................................................. 117
the transformation of ordinary cells into stem cell counterparts that have acquired the ability to functionally repair the damaged heart.
