ABSTRACT
This chapter summarizes recent advances in the development of biologically inspired nanomaterials for providing mechanical strength and to support complex cell–matrix interactions in bone regeneration. It demonstrates that osteon–mimetic composites consisting of poly(l-lactide) (l-PLA) nanofiber mesh laminated with a hydrogel/apatite precursor solution produces a multifunctional substrate with superior mechanical and biological properties. Clinical methods of treating skeletal defects involve bone transplantation or the use of synthetic materials to restore continuity. Bone is a composite material consisting of a collagenous and an apatite phase. Noncollagenous proteins play complex functions during bone formation and remodeling. Bone marrow stromal (BMS) cells are a heterogeneous population that gives rise to a variety of fully differentiated connective tissues of both mesenchymal and nonmesenchymal origin. Since endothelial precursor cells have been identified in the adult bone marrow, BMS cells have the capacity to undergo vasculogenic as well as osteogenic differentiation under appropriate substrate and culture conditions.
