ABSTRACT
Eskers are a typical landscape element of the boreal zone in the lowlands of Fenno-Scandia, Russia and Canada, where the landscape is typically covered also by lakes, peatlands, bed outcrops and glacial till. Eskers aquifers were formed during the last deglaciation some 9000-12000 years ago (Tikkanen 2002). Long and narrow formations of sand and gravel are associated with the retreat of the ice (Svendsen et al. 2004), which in Fenno-Scandinavia had its centre just north of the Bay of Bothnia (Fig. 17.1). Eskers form important aquifers in the Fenno-Scandinavian shield and are also common in other regions covered by the last glaciation.
