ABSTRACT

Following the aphorism of Albert Einstein: “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler”, models need not to be completely realistic to be useful (Stumm and Morgan, 1996), but need to meet a successful balance between realism and practicality (Kühn, 2004). Properly constructed, a model is neither too simplified that it is unrealistic nor too detailed that it cannot be readily evaluated and applied to the problem of interest (Bethke, 2008). The results of a model have to be at least partially observable or experimentally verifiable (Zhu and Anderson, 2002).