ABSTRACT
Perinatal sources of stem cells offer primitive cells with robust potential while eliminating the controversy of embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells. The most extensively used perinatal stem cells-cord-blood (CB)- derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)—have been used successfully in clinic for numerous years. Umbilical cord (UC) blood is a reliable source of stem cells for successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (HSCT). Since the rst CB transplantation years ago in France, thousands of cell transplantations have been reported.1 Allogeneic CB-derived HSCT has been used to treat both adults and children with hematologic diseases.1-5 Success of these perinatal stem cells can be attributed to several advantages including (1) accessibility and the relative ease of procurement, (2) the absence of risks for donors, (3) the reduced likelihood of transmitting infections, and (4) the ability to store fully tested and HLA-typed transplants.1 While the most intensely investigated perinatal stem cells are blood-derived HSCs used
CONTENTS
17.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 367 17.2 Umbilical Cord Hematopoietic Stem Cells ............................................ 369 17.3 Umbilical Cord Stromal Mesenchymal Stem Cells ............................... 371 17.4 Placental Stem Cells ................................................................................... 372
17.4.1 Mesenchymal Cells from Amnion and Chorion: AMSC and CMSC ....................................................................................... 372
17.4.2 Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells ........................................................... 373 17.4.3 Amniotic Epithelial Cells .............................................................. 373 17.4.4 Placental Stem Cells: Hematopoietic Potential .......................... 374
17.5 Use of Perinatal Stem Cells in Cell Therapeutics .................................. 375 17.6 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 376 References ............................................................................................................. 377
clinically for blood disorders, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with differentiation potential toward other lineages, including myogenic, osteogenic, and neurogenic, have also been identied in CB.6-11 Further, new investigations are revealing that additional stem cell niches are present in the postnatal tissues.12-15
More recently, several other sources have been established including amniotic uid and tissue, placenta, and UC stroma (Figure 17.1). These sources may provide benets similar to that of the UC blood, namely, reduced immunorejection and ability to bank cells prospectively. These sources also expand on the range of diseases and disorders that may be treated with perinatal stem cells. While UC blood stem cells are successful for blood and cancer disorders, these new sources show potential to treat additional disorders including neurologic, immunogenetic, and musculoskeletal disorders, among others. In this chapter, we highlight the current use of UC blood stem cells, and we describe recent reports related to the newly described perinatal stem cells.
