ABSTRACT
Portugal is one of the most ancient countries in Europe. Born of a small county in the Iberian Peninsula, its independence was forged in war (Ramos
Introduction 77 Policing Medieval Lisbon 77 e Surveillance of Society 80 Instability and Reform 82 In Search of a Police System 85 Policing in a Democracy 88 Final Remarks 92 References 93
et al., 2010, pp. 40-45). e ‹rst centuries of the portucalense kingdom were marked by large-scale hunger and disease (plague) and by civil wars due to claims to the throne by the di erent monarchy lineages. e reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula to the Almorávida (Muslim) Empire and the intermittent warfare over territorial disputes with the kingdom of León and Castile shaped the future kingdom. e independence of the portucalense kingdom was recognized by the King Afonso VII of León and Castile by the Zamora Treaty in 1143.
