ABSTRACT

The transportation sector and industry have been identiƒed as the major sources of toxic air pollutants in the ambient air of Indonesia. Recent growth in the number of vehicles, urban population, and industry has worsened air pollution problems in most big cities in the country. In Bandung, the increase in the number of vehicles, which reaches more than 10% per year, frequently causes trafƒc congestion, especially during the rush hours on weekdays. On the weekends, high trafƒc density is also observed as many visitors travel to the city. The total vehicle populations in Bandung City from 2004, 2005, and 2006 were 461,303, 487,391, and 521,678 units, respectively. The total number of vehicles increased from 732,536 in 2007 to 1,179,800 in 2010 (Lestari and

CONTENTS

15.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 367 15.2 Methodology .............................................................................................. 369

15.2.1 Development of PM Emission Source Proƒles and Emission Factors ............................................................................ 369

15.2.2 Emission Inventory ........................................................................ 370 15.2.3 Blood Lead Level Tests .................................................................. 371

15.3 Results ......................................................................................................... 371 15.3.1 Vehicle Exhaust PM Emission Proƒles ....................................... 371 15.3.2 Vehicle Exhaust Emission Factors ............................................... 371 15.3.3 Emission Inventory ........................................................................ 372 15.3.4 BLL Results ..................................................................................... 374

15.4 Summary and Conclusions ...................................................................... 375 References ............................................................................................................. 376

Leopold, 2008; Statistical Center Bureau [SCB], 2011). These huge increases over the 4 years worsened trafƒc congestion in the city. The vehicle ©eet composition is dominated by motorcycles (64%); followed by private passenger cars (21%); light duty, including small trucks, buses, and pick-ups (8%); heavy duty, mostly trucks and buses (6%); and public passenger cars (1%).