ABSTRACT
In 1987, I presented ‘Fundamental Principles of GIS’ at Auto-Carto 8 (Chrisman, 1987a). I want to review the content of this paper, and update it with more recent research. First, the paper demonstrates that the GIS community has always been embedded in social issues. We have had our own little version of the Science Wars, and like most wars, both sides have lost more than they have gained. There are good reasons to ask probing questions about the human values of any technical system, and I hope we can ask probing questions about GIS.
