ABSTRACT
Wes Bussman, Zachary L. Kodesh, and Robert E. Schwartz
CONTENTS 9.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................................................228 9.2 Properties of F lu ids..................................................................................................................................................... 229
9.2.1 Density of Gases............................................................................................................................................... 229 9.2.2 Ratio of Specific Heat for Gases..................................................................................................................... 230
9.2.2.1 Definition.................... :...................................................................................................................... 230 9.2.2.2 Ratio of Specific Heat of M ixtures.................................................................................................. 231 9.2.2.3 Ratio of Specific Heat as a Function of Temperature................................................................... 231
9.2.3 Viscosity of Gases and Liquids......................................................................................................................231 9.2.3.1 General Description of Viscosity.................................................................................................... 233 9.2.3.2 Dynamic Viscosity............................................................................................................................ 233 9.2.3.3 Kinematic Viscosity..........................................................................................................................233 9.2.3.4 Other Units of Viscosity...................................................................................................................234 9.2.3.5 Viscosity as a Function of Temperature and P ressure................................................................ 234 9.2.3.6 Viscosity of Fluid M ixtures............................................................................................................. 234
9.3 Laminar and Turbulent Flow.....................................................................................................................................235 9.4 Pressure......................................................................................................................................................................... 236
9.4.1 Units of Pressure.............................................................................................................................................. 236 9.4.2 Atmospheric Pressure.....................................................................................................................................236 9.4.3 Gauge and Absolute Pressure........................................................................................................................238 9.4.4 Static, Velocity, and Total Pressure................................................................................................................ 239 9.4.5 Pressure Loss through Fittings...................................................................................................................... 241 9.4.6 Flow Resistance through Straight Pipe......................................................................................................... 242
9.5 Downwash....................................................................................................................................................................245 9.5.1 Over and around Flare Stacks.......................................................................................................................245 9.5.2 Over Buildings................................................................................................................................................. 246 9.5.3 Over Terrain...................................................................................................................................................... 246
9.6 Flare Tip Internal Burning..........................................................................................................................................249 9.6.1 Buoyancy Effects.............................................................................................................................................. 249 9.6.2 Wind Action...................................................................................................................................................... 250
9.7 Gas Dispersion from an Elevated Flare.................................................................................................................... 250 9.7.1 Atmospheric Dispersion M odeling............................................................................................................... 251 9.7.2 Major Factors Affecting GLC......................................................................................................................... 252
9.8 Heater D raft..................................................................................................................................................................254 9.8.1 Background....................................................................................................................................................... 254 9.8.2 Draft Systems.................................................................................................................................................... 255
9.8.2.1 Natural-Draft H eaters...................................................................................................................... 256 9.8.2.2 Mechanical-Draft Heaters................................................................................................................ 256
9.8.3 Fundamental Concepts of D raft.................................................................................................................... 257 9.8.4 Natural Draft H eaters..................................................................................................................................... 262
9.8.4.1 Draft Profile....................................................................................................................................... 262
9.8.4.2 Draft Measurement Location.......................................................................................................... 263 9.8.4.3 Adjusting D raft.................................................................................................................................266
