ABSTRACT
Classi„cation................................................................... 239 7.3.1.3 Ef„ciency Opportunities for Fuel-Based Process
Heating Systems .............................................................. 241 7.3.2 Performance Improvement Opportunities:
Electric-Based Systems .................................................................. 247 7.3.2.1 Types of Electric-Based Process Heating Systems ..... 247 7.3.2.2 Ef„ciency Opportunities for Electric-Based
Process Heating Systems ............................................... 248 7.4 Process Heating System Economics ........................................................ 249
7.4.1 Measuring the Impact of Ef„ciency ............................................ 249 7.4.2 Presenting the Bene„ts of Ef„ciency ...........................................250 7.4.3 Relating Ef„ciency to Priorities ................................................... 251
7.5 Applications on Heat Transfer Enhancement in Process Heating ..... 251 7.5.1 Theoretical Methods of Intensifying Transfer Processes ......... 251 7.5.2 Particularities on Furnaces with Forced Convection ............... 252
7.5.2.1 Laminar Convection, Impulse and Heat Transfer in One-Dimensional Flows ............................ 252
7.5.2.2 Turbulent Convection, Impulse and Heat Transfer at Turbulent Flow ............................................ 257
This chapter contains some basic issues about the relation between productivity and technology and a few techniques related to industrial energy savings and is structured on six sections. The „rst one is an introduction followed by a section that contains information about general aspects on process heating and speci„c equipments. Further on, a few performance improvement opportunities in industrial systems will be discussed, emphasising speci„c aspects on fuel-based systems as well as electric-based ones. Section 7.4 is a short study on process heating system economics. Basic applications on heat transfer enhancement in process heating are discussed in Section 7.5, underlying the most important equations. Last section contains some important conclusions and recommendations.
