ABSTRACT
Advances in wireless sensor networks (WSN) have led to many new protocols. This chapter presents all fundamental theoretical aspects in analytical way with deep focus on each layer of the generalized WSN protocol stack, cross-layer design protocols, and highlighting the importance of radio irregularity. The application layer includes all aspects related to the WSN protocol stack that are not covered by lower layers. The application layer allows the end application to communicate with the communication architecture by providing the appropriate communication services to the application. Most WSN applications require that tiny wireless sensor nodes sense some physical or environmental data and transmit to the base station or sink node. Congestion control is a vital issue in large-scale WSNs. Asymmetric and reliable transport is a transport protocol designed to achieve event and query reliability. It provides end-to-end reliability in two directions based on energy-aware node classification and a distributed energy aware congestion control mechanism.
