ABSTRACT
Th e creation of a new River Basin Organization is oft en associated with an IWRM approach. Th is not only constitutes a considerable challenge for most countries but can also impede the process of IWRM. Butterworth et al. (2010) note that the considerable fi nancial and human resources devoted to establishing catchment agencies does not always ensure acceptance or legitimacy. In many cases, it is argued that working with existing local arrangements can be more eff ective. Th e above examples proved that IWRM can be applied at many scales from integrated management of areas of concerns (Remedial Action Plan for Hamilton Harbour) to basin wide initiatives (Fraser Basin Council).
