ABSTRACT
There is a high demand for biomaterials to assist the replacement of organs and their functions. Interaction between biomaterials and natural tissues is a signiϐicant subject for biomedical science and is essential to aid the design and fabrication of new biocompatible and bioactive materials. For this reason, researchers search for new biomaterials with advanced mechanical and biological properties and develop new technologies for the enhancement of those properties. Over the past years, nanoscale biomaterials have become very popular in medical applications [30, 31]. Titanium and titanium alloys are preferred materials in the production of implants. These materials possess favorable properties, such as relatively low modulus, low density, and high strength.
