ABSTRACT
Large-scale desalination facilities are a feature of this growth in capacity with the largest RO and MSF plants currently extracting 330,000 m3/day (Ashkelon, Israel) and 1.64 M m3/day (Jebel Ali, United Arab Emirates), respectively. With the increased number and capacity of these large-scale plants, there are growing concerns about their potential environmental impacts at global, regional, and local levels. In a global context, desalination plants have significant carbon footprints because of the energy-intensive nature of the processes involved. These energy demands can be mitigated to some extent through energy recovery processes, for example, the high-pressure water in an RO plant can also be utilized to drive turbines to generate electricity; and through the creation of equivalent renewable energy sources, for example, a 272 GWh/a wind farm was constructed
4.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................41 4.2 Principles .................................................................................................................................... 42
4.3 Applications ............................................................................................................................... 48 4.4 Future Challenges ......................................................................................................................52 References ...............................................................................................................................................52
