ABSTRACT
Traditional restoration efforts have been concerned with matching restored systems to historical or nearby natural habitats, but climate change and biotic invasions can alter the viability of historically based objectives (Figure 15.1). In many places, historically based restoration has become impossible, particularly where development dominates, restoration conflicts with other objectives, or persistent invasive diseases and pathogens have removed dominant or keystone species (Clewell and Aronson 2008). Elsewhere, where restoration has been attempted, restored conditions can only be maintained over the longterm through vigilant monitoring and costly maintenance (Aronson and van Andel 2006). Most restoration efforts are rarely absolute as aggressive invasive species simply cannot be eradicated given current technology. Our management of these latter sites would benefit
15.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 203 15.2 Setting restoration goalposts .......................................................................................... 204 15.3 Cumulative effects of novel changes ............................................................................. 205 15.4 Engineering resistance .................................................................................................... 206 15.5 Lessons from biodiversity experiments ....................................................................... 208 15.6 Bottom-up, top-down, and multitrophic (or food-web) restoration ......................... 210 15.7 Suggested restoration pathways .................................................................................... 211 15.8 Biomass manipulation and tradeoffs of enhancing biodiversity ............................. 211 15.9 Perspectives ...................................................................................................................... 213 15.10 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 214 Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... 214 References ..................................................................................................................................... 215
if ecosystems were more self-restoring or self-sustaining-if they were more capable of resisting new invasions or climate-related stress. In recent years, both theoretical and fieldbased ecological research have provided insights into the means by which stability may be enhanced amid climate change and biotic invasion.
