ABSTRACT
Modern times have brought greater expectations from both the government and the community that the law enforcement agencies will provide a safe and secure environment. Many progressive police managers believe that the time has come to alter the policies and practices within their organizations to meet these expectations. ese reasons are rooted in the history of policing and police research during the last quarter of the twentieth century, in the changing nature of communities, and in the shiing characteristics of crime and violence that aect these communities.
