ABSTRACT
Chloroplasts are green organelles in a plant cell, which develop either by differentiation of proplastids in the meristematic cells or by dedifferentiation of already developed plastids such as chromoplasts, amyloplasts, and leucoplasts. The transformation of proplastids into chloroplasts is an important change that occurs during development, leading to the formation of an extensive membrane system (outer and inner membranes) [1]. The inner membrane encloses a uid-lled region called the stroma, which contains enzymes for the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. The folding of the inner membrane forms interconnected stacks of disc-like sacs called thylakoids, and is often arranged in stacks known as grana. The thylakoid membrane, which encloses a uid-lled thylakoid interior space, contains the pigments, chlorophyll and carotenoids, as well as enzymes and the electron transport chain used in photosynthesis.
