ABSTRACT
MMA can be performed as the initial surgical treatment, or reserved as the ‘‘last resort’’ when other procedures have insufficiently improved the patient (31). The debate continues on whether patients should undergo less invasive procedures such as UPPP with genioglossus/hyoid advancement first, or a single-stage reconstruction consisting of MMA alone or in conjunction with other ‘‘adjunctive’’ procedures (19,32). In the author’s experience, although the less invasive procedures are often attempted first, some patients have elected to proceed directly to MMA. These patients usually have either severe sleep apnea or significant maxillomandibular deformity.
