ABSTRACT
Estrogen is known to have an important role in the function of the lower urinary tract throughout adult life, and estrogen and progesterone receptors
have been demonstrated in the vagina, urethra, bladder, and pelvic floor musculature.1-4 Estrogen deficiency that occurs following menopause is known to cause atrophic changes within the urogenital tract5 and is associated with urinary symptoms such as frequency, urgency, nocturia, incontinence, and recurrent infection. These may coexist with symptoms of vaginal atrophy such as dyspareunia, itching, burning, and dryness.
