ABSTRACT
The cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a disorder of the heart and kidneys that comprises fi ve types, depending on which organ’s acute or chronic injury or dysfunction manifests fi rst (Ronco et al. 2010). In CRS type 1, acute worsening of heart function leads to acute kidney injury (AKI) and/or dysfunction. In CRS type 2, chronic heart abnormalities lead to kidney injury or dysfunction. CRS type 3 is a disorder where acute worsening of kidney function leads to heart injury and/or dysfunction, whereas in CRS type 4, chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to heart injury, disease and/or dysfunction. Finally, in CRS type 5, a systemic condition, such as sepsis, leads to a simultaneous injury and/or dysfunction of both the heart and kidneys.
