ABSTRACT
Biotechnology was a term coined in 1919 by the Hungarian agricultural economist Karl Ereky. In 1980, the Spinks report used the definition “the application of biological organisms, systems or processes to manufacturing and service industries.” The European Federation of Biotechnology produced a more specific and clarified definition in 1988, “the integrated approach of biochemistry, microbiology and engineering sciences in order to achieve applications of the capabilities of microorganisms, cultured animal cells or plant cells or part thereof in industries, agriculture, health care and environmental processes.” The modern definition which appears in chambers science and technology dictionary reads, “The use of organisms or their components in industrial or commercial processes, which can be aided by the techniques of genetic manipulation in developing, e.g. novel plants for agriculture or industry.” More recently, cross-pollination action of plants and cross-breeding of animals was done with macro-biological techniques in biotechnology, used to enhance product quality and /or meet specific requirements or standards. The most modern techniques in biotechnology are the existence in the discovery of DNA and several techniques essential for gene cloning. Current scientific methods are more specific than historical techniques, as scientists are
Foresight 1 now discovering genetic material with atomic precision, using techniques otherwise known as recombinant DNA technology. Biotechnology has come to play an increasingly important role in many aspects of everyday life. It has now become a realistic alternative to many established approaches for manufacturing, land remediation, pollution control and waste management. The application of biologically-engineered solutions to environmental problems has become far more readily acceptable in biotechnology.
