ABSTRACT
A drug interacts with a set of molecules within cells, including DNA, RNA, and/or proteins. These interactions modulate functions of the drug’s interactors, thus perturbing operation of cellular networks in which the interactors participate. This perturbation then affects downstream cellular processes associated with a target disease, which leads to the effi cacy of the drug in treating the diseases. Perturbation of cellular processes not related to the disease sometimes results in adverse effects. Thus, decoding drugperturbed biological networks is essential to understanding the functions and end points of the drugs (14, 22).
