ABSTRACT
Piers provide vertical supports for bridge spans at intermediate points and perform two main functions: transferring superstructure vertical loads to the foundations and resisting horizontal forces acting on the bridge. Although piers are traditionally designed to carry vertical loads, these days it is common for designers to take into account the high lateral loads caused by seismic events. Even in some low-seismic areas, designers are paying more attention to the ductility aspect of the design.
