ABSTRACT
David Schairer, MD; Jason Chouake, MD; Adnan Nasir, MD; and Adam Friedman, MD
CONTENTS
2.1 Introduction to Dermatology ............................................................................................. 87 2.2 Acne Vulgaris ....................................................................................................................... 89
2.2.1 Epidemiology ........................................................................................................... 89 2.2.2 Pathophysiology ....................................................................................................... 89 2.2.3 Clinical Features ...................................................................................................... 89 2.2.4 Current Treatment ...................................................................................................90 2.2.5 Applications in Nanotechnology ........................................................................... 92
2.2.5.1 Liposomes .................................................................................................. 93 2.2.5.2 Niosomes .................................................................................................... 98 2.2.5.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles ........................................................................ 98 2.2.5.4 Microspheres/Particles .......................................................................... 101 2.2.5.5 Nanoemulsions ........................................................................................ 102
2.3 Atopic Dermatitis ............................................................................................................... 103 2.3.1 Epidemiology ......................................................................................................... 103 2.3.2 Pathophysiology ..................................................................................................... 103 2.3.3 Clinical Features .................................................................................................... 103 2.3.4 Current Treatment ................................................................................................. 105 2.3.5 Application in Nanotechnology .......................................................................... 106
2.3.5.1 Diagnosis .................................................................................................. 106 2.3.5.2 Treatment ................................................................................................. 106
2.4 Actinic Keratoses ............................................................................................................... 111 2.4.1 Epidemiology ......................................................................................................... 111 2.4.2 Pathophysiology ..................................................................................................... 111 2.4.3 Clinical Features .................................................................................................... 111 2.4.4 Current Treatment ................................................................................................. 112 2.4.5 Applications in Nanotechnology ......................................................................... 113
2.4.5.1 Diagnosis .................................................................................................. 113 2.4.5.2 Treatment ................................................................................................. 114
2.5 Skin Cancer ......................................................................................................................... 115 2.5.1 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer ................................................................................. 115
2.5.1.1 Epidemiology ........................................................................................... 115 2.5.1.2 Pathophysiology ...................................................................................... 116 2.5.1.3 Clinical Features...................................................................................... 117 2.5.1.4 Histopathology ........................................................................................ 118 2.5.1.5 Current Treatment................................................................................... 119
2.5.2 Melanoma ............................................................................................................... 120 2.5.2.1 Epidemiology ........................................................................................... 120 2.5.2.2 Pathophysiology ...................................................................................... 121 2.5.2.3 Clinical Features...................................................................................... 121 2.5.2.4 Histopathology ........................................................................................ 122 2.5.2.5 Current Treatment................................................................................... 122 2.5.2.6 Applications in Nanotechnology .......................................................... 124
2.6 Viral Warts .......................................................................................................................... 132 2.6.1 Epidemiology ......................................................................................................... 132 2.6.2 Pathophysiology ..................................................................................................... 132 2.6.3 Clinical Features .................................................................................................... 133 2.6.4 Current Treatment ................................................................................................. 134 2.6.5 Applications in Nanotechnology ......................................................................... 134
2.6.5.1 Diagnosis .................................................................................................. 134 2.6.5.2 Vaccination ............................................................................................... 135 2.6.5.3 Therapy ..................................................................................................... 138
2.7 Benign Nevi ........................................................................................................................ 139 2.7.1 Epidemiology ......................................................................................................... 139 2.7.2 Pathophysiology ..................................................................................................... 139 2.7.3 Clinical Features .................................................................................................... 140 2.7.4 Histopathology ....................................................................................................... 140 2.7.5 Current Treatment ................................................................................................. 140 2.7.6 Applications in Nanotechnology ......................................................................... 141
2.7.6.1 Diagnosis .................................................................................................. 141 2.7.6.2 Treatment ................................................................................................. 141
2.8 Psoriasis ............................................................................................................................... 143 2.8.1 Epidemiology ......................................................................................................... 143 2.8.2 Pathophysiology ..................................................................................................... 143 2.8.3 Clinical Features .................................................................................................... 143 2.8.4 Current Treatment ................................................................................................. 144 2.8.5 Applications in Nanotechnology ......................................................................... 146
2.8.5.1 Diagnosis .................................................................................................. 146 2.8.5.2 Treatment ................................................................................................. 147
2.9 Epidermoid Cysts ............................................................................................................... 150 2.9.1 Epidemiology ......................................................................................................... 150 2.9.2 Clinical Features .................................................................................................... 150 2.9.3 Current Treatments ................................................................................................ 150 2.9.4 Applications in Nanotechnology ......................................................................... 150
2.9.4.1 Diagnosis .................................................................................................. 150 2.9.4.2 Treatment ................................................................................................. 151
2.10 Seborrheic Keratosis .......................................................................................................... 151 2.10.1 Epidemiology ......................................................................................................... 151 2.10.2 Pathophysiology ..................................................................................................... 152 2.10.3 Clinical Features .................................................................................................... 152 2.10.4 Histopathology ....................................................................................................... 152 2.10.5 Current Treatment ................................................................................................. 152 2.10.6 Application in Nanotechnology .......................................................................... 153
2.10.6.1 Diagnosis .................................................................................................. 153 2.10.6.2 Treatment ................................................................................................. 153
Dermatology is the branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases of the skin, hair, nails, and mucosa. The skin is not only the largest organ of the human body but is also unique, as assessment can easily be accomplished by direct visual examination and local tissue sampling. The dermatologist has the unusual advantage of being able to visually examine the skin and correlate it with the pathology present below the surface.
