ABSTRACT
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are high-temperature electrochemical devices to directly convert the chemical energy of fuels, such as hydrogen, natural gas, and other hydrocarbon fuels, to electric power with high efciency and low greenhouse gas emissions. The major components of a single SOFC consist of a porous cathode, a porous anode, and a dense electrolyte sandwiching them. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and gadolinium-doped ceria are the most commonly used solid electrolyte. (La,Sr)MnO3 (LSM) perovskite oxides and nickel-YSZ cermets often serve as the cathode and anode, respectively. Traditional SOFCs operate at high temperatures, 900°C-1000°C, because of the relatively low oxygen ion conductivity and high activation energy of oxide electrolytes, such as YSZ. However, a lowering of the operating temperature of SOFCs to an intermediate range of 500°C-800°C brings substantial technical and economic benets. The cost of a SOFC system can be substantially reduced by using less-expensive components, and the
CONTENTS
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 15 2.2 Development of Advanced Cathodes ....................................................... 16
2.2.1 Lanthanum Manganite-Based Cathodes ..................................... 17 2.2.2 Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt-Based Cathodes .......................... 19 2.2.3 Layered Perovskite Cathodes .........................................................22 2.2.4 Modeling Approach to Cathode Materials Development ..........23
