ABSTRACT
Modern environmental activism has had a profound influence on many industries globally in recent decades. In the global forest sector, campaigns by environmental activists have influenced timber supply and have also shaped the international markets into which forest products are sold. Within the last two decades, three key changes have happened in the global environmental activism field. Firstly, environmental activism has evolved from having a reliance on direct protest against and lobbying of various stakeholders to implementing sophisticated, multifaceted campaigns that target the entire forest products
CONTENTS
9.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 203 9.2 Environmental Activism: Growth of a Global Movement ........................................... 204 9.3 Growth of Environmental Activism in the Global Forest Sector ................................ 206 9.4 Issues and Campaigns: What Triggers Environmental Activism in the
Global Forest Sector? ......................................................................................................... 212 9.4.1 Deforestation .......................................................................................................... 215 9.4.2 Harvest of Natural Forests Not Involving Deforestation................................. 216 9.4.3 Tree Plantations ...................................................................................................... 216 9.4.4 Use of Trees for Biofuel ......................................................................................... 217 9.4.5 Wood and Paper-Processing Facilities ................................................................ 217
9.5 Effects of Globalization on ENGO Campaigns in the Forest Sector .......................... 217 9.6 Strategies Used by Environmental Activists to Achieve Change ............................... 218
9.6.1 Creating a “Brand” for the Forest ........................................................................ 220 9.6.2 Using Scientific Information ................................................................................ 220 9.6.3 Influencing Governments ..................................................................................... 221 9.6.4 Targeting Forest Companies ................................................................................ 221 9.6.5 Targeting the Supply Chain: Direct Protest Methods ......................................222 9.6.6 Targeting the Supply Chain: Forest Certification ............................................. 224 9.6.7 Framing Public Opinion .......................................................................................225 9.6.8 Using Alliances ...................................................................................................... 226
9.7 Choosing the Right Methods ........................................................................................... 226 9.8 What Makes an ENGO Campaign Successful? .............................................................228 9.9 ENGOs and the Forest Products Industry: Future Outlook ........................................229 References ..................................................................................................................................... 231
supply chain. Secondly, the number and type of concerns raised by environmental nongovernmental organizations (ENGOs) broadened during this period from a predominant focus on natural forests to include tree plantations, biofuels, and carbon sequestration. Thirdly, environmental activism has increasingly focused on social justice issues in addition to environmental concerns.
