ABSTRACT
Y. pestis is highly virulent to mammalians including humans, and causes systemic and fatal infections mainly manifested as bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plague. Y. pestis is primarily transmitted via the bite of an infected flea. Y. pestis synthesizes the attached biofilms in the flea proventriculus, making the blockage of fleas [1], [2]. The blockage of fleas makes them feel hungry and repeatedly attempt to feed, and thus, the plague bacilli will be pumped into the host body during the futile feeding attempts, promoting the bacterial transmission between mammalian reservoirs [1], [2].
