ABSTRACT
Jacques Joseph, a surgeon from Berlin, is known as the father of modern rhinoplasty.1
SKIN Upper two thirds of the skin envelope is thinner and more mobile than the lower third.
MUSCLES n Three clinically significant muscles:
• Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi: Assists in patency of external nasal valve • Nasalis: Assists in nasal airway patency • Depressor septi: When hyperactive, may shorten the upper lip and decrease tip projection
on animation. Division of the muscle during rhinoplasty can alleviate this problem.
