ABSTRACT
Contents 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 111 4.2 Membrane Processes ................................................................................112 4.3 Membrane Types ...................................................................................... 114
4.3.1 Symmetric and Asymmetric Membranes ...................................... 114 4.3.2 Microporous Membranes .............................................................. 114 4.3.3 Homogeneous Membranes ........................................................... 114 4.3.4 Ion Exchange Membranes ............................................................. 114
4.4 Membrane Module, Rating, and Performance ......................................... 115 4.5 Membrane Classification Based on Pressure Drive ................................... 117
4.5.1 Microfiltration .............................................................................. 117 4.5.2 Ultrafiltration ............................................................................... 117 4.5.3 Nanofiltration ............................................................................... 118 4.5.4 Reverse Osmosis ........................................................................... 118
4.6 Membrane Classification Based on Electro-Potential Drive...................... 119 4.6.1 Electrodialysis ............................................................................... 119 4.6.2 Electrodeionization .......................................................................121 4.6.3 Bipolar Electrodialysis ..................................................................121
