ABSTRACT
Fossil fuels, hydropower, nuclear ssion and other sources of energy are deployed to satisfy the needs of modern technologies and benets of everyone’s daily life. However, irrespective of whatever means are used to produce energy, energy storage always becomes a signicant issue and presents a great challenge to scientists and engineers. Therefore, in recent decades, energy-storage devices that are based on electrochemical principles, such as batteries and supercapacitors, have been drawing intense interests from fundamental research to practical industrial applications. Among advanced energy-storage conceptions, lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are remarkable systems due to their high-energy density, high-power density and no gaseous exhaust with considerable reliability [1]. Consequently, such power storage has been playing an important role in various elds of applications such as portable electronics and telecommunication equipment, and is even
CONTENTS
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 191 5.2 Conventional Layer-Structured Materials ............................................. 193
5.2.1 LiCoO2 ............................................................................................. 193 5.2.2 LiNiO2 and LiMnO2 ....................................................................... 195 5.2.3 LiNi1/2Mn1/2O2 and LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 ..................................... 196
5.3 Integrated Layer-Structured Materials ...................................................200 5.4 Li Diffusion in Layered Structures ......................................................... 204 5.5 Methodology of Synthesis and Characterisations ................................ 205 5.6 Layered Cathode for All-Solid-State Thin-Film Lithium Ion Battery .... 206 5.7 Nanoscale Mapping of Li+ Diffusion in All-Solid-State Thin-Film Lithium Ion Battery ................................................................ 209 5.8 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 214 References ............................................................................................................. 215
considered as a serious contender for the next-generation hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles [2]. To meet the needs of new application devices, low-cost, safe, environmental-friendly, good gravimetric energy density, volume energy density, capacity and rate capability are the targets for improvements [3].
