ABSTRACT
Polymeric membranes became a viable means of brackish water treatment in the late 1960s with the development of high performance systems. An increasing scarcity for portable fresh water fueled a further push to new membrane options like UF, NF, ED and RO. Compare to UF and NF based membrane systems, RO gained further prominence service. They are effectively nonporous and therefore exclude particles and even low molar mass species such as salt ions and organics. The defluoridation of drinking water has become a major scientific challenge world over in 1990s. The conventional approaches based on flocculation and adsorptions have multiple disadvantages in their application in all equipped rural areas particularly in developing countries. India has been facing the problem for quite some time.
