Community Supervision of Domestic Violence Offenders: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go

Research indicates that intimate partner violence (IPV) affects an estimated 3 to 4 million women yearly (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2001; Plitchta & Falik, 2001). Additionally, studies demonstrate that individuals who have been victims of domestic violence are at greater risk of future violence (Kuijpers, vad der Knaap, & Winkel, 2012), especially among those who have been more severely abused. In 2007, there were 2,340 deaths due to domestic violence, accounting for 14% of all homicides (CDC, 2012a). An 11 city study

Introduction 309 A Recent History of IPV and the Criminal Justice System 311

The Courts’ Response to Intimate Partner Violence 312 Domestic Violence Courts 312 Prosecutorial Changes 314

Probation’s Response to Intimate Partner Violence 315 Batterer Intervention Programs 315 Electronic Monitoring 319 Special Domestic Violence Probation Units 321 Intensive Supervision on Probation (ISP) 322

Coordinated Community Response to Intimate Partner Violence 323 Coming Full Circle 325 Summary and Conclusion 328 References 330

of intimate partner femicide found that the majority (67%–80%) involved physical abuse prior to the murder (Campbell et al., 2003; Glass et al., 2004). The societal and individual costs of this violence are enormous, reaching an estimated $67 billion per year (Miller, Cohen, & Wiersema, 1996) with mental healthcare costs being the largest proportion of the increased healthcare expenditures associated with intimate partner violence (Wisner, Gilmer, Saltzman, & Zink, 1999). Adding to the costs of intimate partner violence, research has found that approximately 3 to 10 million children live in domestically violent households (Socolar, 2000). Approximately 9% of teenagers nationwide report being physically hurt by their boyfriend or girlfriend in the past 12 months (CDC, 2012b). While this number is certainly shocking, it represents a slight decrease from 2008 when approximately 10% of teenagers nationwide reported being physically abused by their boyfriend or girlfriend over the same time period (CDC, 2008).