ABSTRACT
The following sections describe the basics of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, that is, chlorophyll fluorescence emission, optical settings of the light source and optical filters, performance of the charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, and calibration of fluorescence images, with special attention to the technical and engineering aspects of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging for researchers and students intending to develop a handmade imaging system customized for their own studies. Then, two popular methods, the saturation pulse method and the induction method, are reviewed. These methods are used to monitor plant health by applications of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, such as detection of invisible photosynthetic dysfunction at the levels of leaf surface, individual plant, and crop canopies due to environmental stress factors such as herbicides, drought stress, and strong light stress. The physiological aspects of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging are reviewed in detail by Oxborough (2004).
