ABSTRACT
The procedures are discussed under individual diseases.
Mares Dystocia Key points • Dystocia is a true emergency, in which minutes
may determine fetal survival and mare prognosis. • Foal survival is best when the response to a
dystocia is rapid (i.e. delivery within <1 hour of the onset of second-stage labor) and conducted by a team that can provide all the options for delivery including obstetrical manipulation, general anesthesia, controlled vaginal delivery, and cesarean section.
