ABSTRACT
Therefore, this paper discusses the applicability of fly ash as a topsoil substitute by means of physical and chemical analyses in a laboratory.
2 SITE DESCRIPTION
2.1 KPC mine
The KPC mine is the biggest open cut coal mine in Indonesia located in East Kalimantan (Fig. 1). The mine site belongs to a tropical rainforest climate: the average annual precipitation shows
1 INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is the largest coal exporter in the world in 2012. Nowadays coal production and the amount of exported coal are drastically increasing: these are growing at an annual average rate of more than 10% since 2000. Due to this situation, Indonesian coal companies are increasing coal production and redeveloping coal mines in order to accommodate the heavy coal demands all over the world. Moreover, it is estimated that coal production increase continually and it also reaches 361 million tons in 2020, and 430 million tons in 2030 respectively. Furthermore, it is also predicted that the domestic demand of energy in Indonesia increases with a high rate of economic growth. In order to accommodate these demands, Indonesian government regarded coal as an important source of energy supply in domestic, and they are constructing new coal-fired power plants. Therefore, it is predicted that domestic coal demand mainly for generation of electricity increases rapidly and exceeds the amount of export in 2022 (New energy and industrial technology development organization 2011).
