ABSTRACT
Community-based policing (CBP) emerged in the 1980s and continues as the philosophical umbrella, or zeitgeist, under which police forces in Western nations identify and export to developing countries, transitional societies, and failed states (Brogden & Nijhar, 2005; Perrott, 2012a,b). One might expect that the tenets and practice of such a broadly embraced approach would be clearly understood. However, CBP has been a particularly tortured concept from the outset (Leighton, 1991) and, 30 years after implementation, can morph into whatever is wished for by policy makers or police administrators. Furthermore, although major policing innovations have emerged subsequent to CBP, most notably Compstat (Magers, 2004), homeland policing in the United States (Oliver, 2006), and intelligence-led policing (ILP) (Ratcliffe, 2003, 2008), most view these as add-ons or as otherwise complementary to CBP (Brogden & Nijhar, 2005).
