ABSTRACT
Cytokines and growth factors, produced by trophoblast and endometrial immune-cells, are involved in implantation and pregnancy development.1 These substances play a relevant role in regulating trophoblast cell growth and migration, as well as trophoblast differentiation, promoting its invasiveness and decreasing its survival rate. In order to balance these functions, a large number of cytokines and growth factors are involved in regulating the paracrine and autocrine mechanisms of trophoblast-decidual cell crosstalk.2 Some of these proteins have been thoroughly investigated and colony stimulating factors (CSFs), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF or CSF1), granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor (GM-CSF or CSF2), and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF or CSF3) have gained particular interest due to their possible use in the treatment of reproductive disorders.
