ABSTRACT
Although different official organizations, such as the United Nations (UN),4 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)5 and the European Union (UE),6 have regulated the presence of organic
7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................119 7.2 Sample treatment .................................................................................. 120 7.3 Analytical methods for biopesticides determination in soils ........ 123
7.3.1 Chromatographic methods ..................................................... 124 7.3.2 Detection .................................................................................... 127
7.4 Fate of biopesticides in soils ................................................................ 129 7.5 Conclusions and outlook ..................................................................... 134 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... 134 References ........................................................................................................ 135
contaminants in soils, they do not include biopesticides. For instance, generic reference levels (GRLs) have been established in some countries such as Spain for several contaminants in soils,7 and soil contamination has been included in the scope of the Environmental Responsibility Directive by EU,6 but biopesticides have not been included in the list of compounds that should be monitored. However, soils, and especially agricultural soils, are usually exposed to these compounds because they are applied in organic farming or in IPM practices.
