ABSTRACT
Thakore (2006) also defined biopesticides as “living organisms (plants, microscopic animals such as nematodes, and microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi) or natural products derived from these organisms that are used to suppress pest populations.” This author listed three major categories of biopesticides as microbial pesticides, plantincorporated protectants (genetically modified organisms [GMOs]) and “other,” although confusingly later in the article GMOs are discussed as in competition with biopesticides for market share. Gupta and Dikshit (2010) listed three categories: microbial pesticides (microbial pesticides containing whole microorganisms), plant pesticides (GM plants), and biochemical pesticides (naturally occurring substances that control pests by nontoxic mechanisms). The latter category included substances that interfere with growth or mating, such as plant growth regulators, or substances that repel or attract pests, such as pheromones. Gupta and Dikshit (2010) included discussion of plant extracts and insect parasites as examples, without assigning them to the categories specifically. Commonly, authors define biopesticides based on their own area of interest, such as using biopesticides strictly for those based on living microbes (often including nematodes).
