ABSTRACT
The environmental impacts of wine have been assessed by several studies [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Some of the studies consider the environmental impacts of different closure systems and offer comparative conclusions [16,17]. However, different types of closures, such as natural cork stoppers, synthetic stoppers or screw caps, have different properties, offering different levels of product protection and consequently presenting
more or less risk for wine losses. To date, the influence of the closure type on the overall environmental impacts of bottled wine, taking losses into account, has not been studied in a life-cycle assessment context.
