ABSTRACT
The primary role of plantations is timber production, and their secondary role is to reduce pressure on natural forests for timber production (Bauhus et al. 2010; Bremer and Farley 2010; Pawson et al. 2013). Moreover, this role has changed from serving a single purpose (i.e., timber production) to serving many (e.g., providing habitat for wild animals and plants) (Bauhus et al. 2010; Felton et al. 2010; Calviño-Cancela et al. 2012). Thus, the species composition and stand structure of some plantations have changed from pure simple to mixed complex forests (Nagaike 2010; Harmer et al. 2011).
