Simulation of the maneuvering behavior of ships under the influence of environmental forces

Although free-running model tests are tedious and of high cost they are the most reliable method to estimate wave effects on ship maneuvering. Several authors have conducted free-running tests for different hulls, such as Hirano et al. (1980) and Ueno et al. (2003). Moreover, turning tests in both regular and irregular waves were performed by Yasukawa (2006) with the ITTC standard S-175 containership model.