ABSTRACT
Tanker cargo heating equipment delivers thermal energy to liquid cargo contained within the tank. Depending on the energy input level, the cargo temperature may rise, fall, or remain unchanged.
2.1 Basic equation
Applying the somewhat simplified form of an energy conservation law, the cargo temperature change may be described by the following differential equation (Van der Heeden & Mulder 1965):
mc T t
h A Q d d c c c loss
= −( )T T
(1)
where m = mass; c = specific heat capacity; T = temperature; t = time; h = surface heat transfer coefficient; A = area; Qloss = thermal outflow to tank surroundings; and index c = coil surface.
