ABSTRACT
Vascular imaging has advanced considerably from the advent of diagnostic x-ray angiography in 1927 with the rst angiogram performed by Egas Moniz by injecting radiopaque contrast into the carotid artery to visualize the intracranial internal carotid artery. Moniz and other pioneers were able to visualize and diagnose various disease states of the vasculature to be subsequently cured surgically, resulting in improved outcomes and ushering in a continued era of vascular imaging (Hoener et al. 2012). Manual exchange of single-plate angiograms provided the ability to capture a snapshot or two in time, but little more. Image intensiers with automatic lm cassette changers and roll lm provided the ability to capture a sequence of images over time, hence
enabling visualization of blood ow, movement of anatomical structures, and the navigation and deployment of devices. Use of real-time imaging technology was an important precursor leading up to the rst imageguided interventional procedure performed by Charles Dotter in 1964 (Figure 22.1) using a dilating catheter to heal a stenosis in the femoral artery (Payne 2001).
