ABSTRACT
Underground quarrying activity emerged about 1300 years ago in Israel. The bell-shaped caverns of Bet Guvrin that have been studied by Haztor et al. are shown in Figure 1a. The investigation revealed that the caverns have a maximum span of 40 m. The Wieliczka salt mine in Poland, a world heritage site, is the remnant of a large salt mine initially excavated 700 years ago. It is now a renowned tourist attraction, and in this grand opening, structures such as restaurant, post office, church, and thermal
1 INTRODUCTION
Large-scale ancient underground engineering is the product of productive or religious activity in ancient time. As immovable cultural relics, these engineering activities, generally in the form of cavern complexes, are of extraordinary historic, artistic and scientific values. Owing to the stone culture and complicated structures they have, some of the cavern complexes have been or are being developed as tourist attractions, visited by millions of tourists.
