ABSTRACT
Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) rely on generating their own energy to operate autonomously in the eld without requiring maintenance. Solar, radio frequency (RF), wind, and vibration energy are among the sources that have been used or proposed for powering CPS. Each of these sources comes with its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, while ambient RF energy can be harvested in the dark, or where no solar energy is available, it requires a large area for the antenna, which could make CPS impractical. Alternatively, solar energy can provide the largest power output; however, it is only
CONTENTS
7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 191 7.2 Energy Sources ................................................................................................................... 192
7.2.1 Solar ......................................................................................................................... 193 7.2.2 Radio Frequency .................................................................................................... 194 7.2.3 Wind ........................................................................................................................ 196 7.2.4 Vibration .................................................................................................................. 197
7.3 Energy Buffering ................................................................................................................200 7.4 Batteries ...............................................................................................................................200
